1. Core Group of Experts^[1]
   1. Air Commodore William H. Boothby
      
      Position:
      Organization:
      Legal Advisor
      UK Royal Air Force, RAF Air Command
   2. Prof. Dr. Michael Bothe
      
      Position:
      Organization:
      Professor Emeritus of International Law
      Johann Wolfgang Goethe University
   3. Prof. Dr. Ove Bring
      
      Position:
      Organization:
      Professor of International Law
      Swedish National Defence College
   4. Mr. Claude Bruderlein
      
      Position:
      Organization:
      Director
      Program on Humanitarian Policy and Conflict Research
      Harvard University
   5. General (ret.) Arne Willy Dahl
      

      Position:

      Organization:

      Judge Advocate General to the
      Norwegian Armed Forces
      Office of the Judge Advocate General, Norwegian Armed Forces
   6. Rear-Admiral (ret.) Jane G. Dalton, US Navy
      
      Position:
      Organization:
      Attorney-Advisor
      US Department of State
   7. Prof. Dr. Yoram Dinstein
      
      Position:

      Organization:

      Senior Academic Advisor, HPCR
      Professor Emeritus of International Law, Tel Aviv University
      Program on Humanitarian Policy and Conflict Research
      Harvard University
   8. Mr. Knut Dörmann
      
      Position:
      Organization:
      Head of the Legal Division
      International Committee of the Red Cross
   9. Major General Charles J. Dunlap, Jr.
      
      Position:
      Organization:
      Deputy Judge Advocate General
      US Air Force
   10. Colonel (ret.) Charles H.B. Garraway
       
       Position:
       Organization:
       Legal Advisor
       British Red Cross
   11. Prof. Dr. Wolff Heintschel von Heinegg
       
       Position:

       Organization:

       Dean of the Faculty of Law and Professor of International Law
       Europa-University Viadrina
   12. Colonel Peter Hostettler
       
       Position:

       Organization:

       Head of International Law of Armed Conflicts Section
       Swiss Federal Department of Defence, Civil Protection and Sports
   13. Prof. Dr. Frits Kalshoven
       
       Position:
       Organization:
       Professor Emeritus of International Law
       Leiden University
   14. Colonel (ret.) W. Hays Parks
       
       Position:

       Organization:

       Former Special Assistant to the Judge Advocate General of the Army
       for Law of War Matters
       Office of General Counsel
       US Department of Defense
   15. Mr. Jean-François Queguiner
       
       Position:

       Organization:

       Head of the Unit of the Thematic Legal Advisors
       Legal Division
       International Committee of the Red Cross
   16. Prof. Dr. Natalino Ronzitti
       
       Position:
       Organization:
       Professor of International Law
       LUISS University G. Carli
   17. Dr. Yves Sandoz
       
       Position:

       Organization:

       Lecturer, University of Geneva and University of Fribourg
       Member of the Comité of the International Committee of the Red Cross
       International Committee of the Red Cross
   18. Prof. Dr. Marco Sassoli
       
       Position:
       Organization:
       Professor of International Law
       University of Geneva
   19. Prof. Michael N. Schmitt
       
       Position:
       Organization:
       Dean and Professor of International Law
       George C. Marshall Center
   20. Captain Dale Stephens
       
       Position:
       Organization:
       Director of Operations and International Law
       Legal Division, Australian Defence Force
   21. Brigadier General Kenneth Watkin
       
       Position:
       Organization:
       Judge Advocate General
       Canadian Armed Forces
   22. Prof. Dr. Zhu Wenqi
       
       Position:
       Organization:
       Professor of International Law
       Law School, Renmin University of China
   23. Prof. Dr. Rüdiger Wolfrum
       
       Position:

       Organization:

       Professor of International Law, Heidelberg University
       Director, Max Planck Institute
       Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law

   Project Coordinator

   24. Mr. Bruno Demeyere
       
       Position:
       Organization:

       Advisor on International Humanitarian Law
       Program on Humanitarian Policy and Conflict Research
       Harvard University

2. Government Experts^[2]
   25. Group Captain Paul Cronan (2008–2009)
       
       Position:
       Organization:
       Director Military Discipline Law
       Legal Division, Australian Defence Force
   26. Major Christian De Cock (2006–2008)
       
       Position:
       Organization:
       Head of International Law Section
       Belgian Ministry of Defense
   27. Mr. Peter Dreist
       
       Position:
       Organization:
       Legal Advisor to Chief of Staff of the Air Force
       German Ministry of Defence
   28. Colonel Geir Anders Fagerheim (2005–2008)
       
       Position:
       Organization:
       Legal Advisor
       Chief Legal Office, Joint Warfare Centre
   29. Dr. Marie Jacobsson (2004–2008)
       
       Position:
       Organization:
       Principal Legal Adviser on International Law
       Swedish Ministry of Foreign Affairs
   30. Mr. Daniel Klingele (2004–2009)
       
       Position:

       Organization:

       Head Human Rights and Humanitarian Law Section
       Directorate of International Law,
       Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs
   31. Colonel Edward Monahan (2008)
       
       Position:
       Organization:
       Legal Advisor
       US Air Force

3. Participants in Some Sessions of the Group of Experts^[3]
   32. Brigadier General Titus Githiora (2004)
       
       Position:
       Organization:
       Legal Advisor
       Kenyan Ministry of Defence
   33. Mr. Jean-Philippe Lavoyer (2004–2006)
       
       Position:
       Organization:
       Head of the Legal Division
       International Committee of the Red Cross
   34. Commander Angela Miller (2009)
       
       Position:
       Organization:
       Legal Advisor
       US Navy
   35. Professor Emmanuel Roucounas (2004)
       
       Position:
       Organization:
       Professor of International Law
       University of Athens
   36. Lieutenant Colonel Philip T. Wold (2004)
       
       Position:
       Organization:
       Legal Advisor
       US Air Force
   37. Ms. Sarah Wolf (2005–2009)
       
       Position:
       Organization:
       Researcher
       Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law

1. Professional affiliation as in May 2009 (the date of the adoption of the final version of the Black-letter Rules by the Group of Experts).
2. Professional affiliation as in May 2009 (the date of the adoption of the final version of the Black-letter Rules by the Group of Experts).
3. Titles relate to dates of participation in the work of the Group of Experts.

• First Session of Experts (Plan of Action), January 2004, Cambridge (MA)
• Second Session of Experts (Research Papers (I)), September 2004, Luzern (Switzerland)
• Third Session of Experts (Research Papers (II)), January 2005, Heidelberg (Germany)^[4]
• Fourth Session of Experts (Research Papers (III)), September 2005, Oslo (Norway)
• Fifth Session of Experts (First Draft of the Manual), March 2006, Brussels (Belgium)
• Sixth Session of Experts (Revised Text of the Manual),^[5] December 2006, Spiez (Switzerland)
• Seventh Session of Experts (Further Review of the Manual), April 2008, Frankfurt (Oder) (Germany)^[6]
• Eighth Session of Experts (Adoption of the Final Text of the Manual), May 2009, Bern (Switzerland)

Note: Each Session listed above lasted on the average four full working days.

4. The meeting was hosted by the Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law.
5. The text of the Draft Manual was revised following comments made during the “Alabama III” meeting in Montreux in May 2006 (see Appendix III).
6. The meeting was hosted by Europa-University Viadrina Frankfurt (Oder).

1. Third Informal High Level Expert Meeting on Current Challenges to IHL (“Alabama III”), May 2006, Montreux (Switzerland)
• Belgium
• Brazil
• Canada
• Congo, Democratic Republic of
• China, People’s Republic of
• Denmark
• Egypt
• France
• India
• Italy
• Japan
• Jordan
• Korea, Republic of
• Mexico
• Netherlands
• Nigeria
• Norway
• Pakistan
• Russian Federation
• Saudi Arabia
• Spain
• Sweden
• Switzerland
• United Kingdom
• United States
• European Union
• International Committee of the Red Cross
• Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs and Office of Legal Affairs, United Nations
2. Regional Meetings
1. Meeting in Australia (Asia-Pacific region)^[7]
• Argentina
• Brazil
• Canada
• Israel
• United States
2. Meeting in Namibia (African region)^[8]
• Austria
• Belgium
• China, People’s Republic of
• Côte d’Ivoire
• Denmark
• Finland
• France
• Germany
• Greece
• Latvia
• Libya
• Namibia
• Netherlands
• Nigeria
• Norway
• Pakistan
• Poland
• Romania
• Rwanda
• South Africa
• Spain
• Tanzania
• Uganda
• Zambia
• Zimbabwe
3. Meeting in Canada^[9]
• Argentina
• Brazil
• Canada
• Israel
• United States
3. Bilateral Meetings
• China, People’s Republic of (Beijing), March 2008
• France (Paris), June 2008
• Russian Federation (Moscow), March 2009
• United States (Washington D.C.), June 2007

7. This meeting took place in Sydney (Australia) and was hosted by the Asia Pacific Centre for Military Law (APCML).
8. This meeting took place in Windhoek (Namibia) and was hosted by the International Society for Military Law and the Law of War.
9. This meeting took place in Kingston (Canada) and was hosted by the Canadian Forces Office of the Judge Ad-vocate General.

1. Members of the Drafting Committee^[10]
• Arne Willy Dahl
• Bruno Demeyere
• Yoram Dinstein (Chair)
• Wolff Heintschel von Heinegg
• Jean-François Queguiner
• Michael N. Schmitt
2. Meetings of the Drafting Committee as a Whole
• May 2008, Brussels
• November 2008, Hamburg^[11]
• January 2009, Brussels
• February 2009, Brussels
• August 2009, Oslo
• October 2009, Brussels
3. Final Editing
• January 2010, Brussels, Yoram Dinstein and Bruno Demeyere

Note: Each Session listed above lasted on the average four full working days.

10. For full references, see Appendix I.
11. This meeting was hosted by the Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law.

• 1856
  Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law, Laws of Armed Conflicts 1053.
• 1868
  St. Petersburg Declaration Renouncing the Use, in Time of War, of Explosive Projectiles Under 400 Grammes Weight, Laws of Armed Conflicts 91.
• 1899
  Hague Convention (II) with Respect to the Laws and Customs of War on Land, Laws of Armed Conflicts 55.
• 1899
  Hague Regulations respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land, Annex to the Convention, Laws of Armed Conflicts 66.
• 1899
  Hague Declaration (IV, 2) Concerning Asphyxiating Gases, Laws of Armed Conflicts 95.
• 1907
  Hague Convention (IV) Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land, Laws of Armed Conflicts 55.
• 1907
  Hague Regulations respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land, Annex to the Convention, Laws of Armed Conflicts 66.
• 1907
  Hague Convention (V) Respecting the Rights and Duties of Neutral Powers and Persons in Case of War on Land, Laws of Armed Conflicts 1399.
• 1907
  Hague Convention (VIII) relative to the Laying of Automatic Submarine Contact Mines, Laws of Armed Conflicts 1071.
• 1907
  Hague Convention (XII) relative to the Creation of an International Prize Court, Laws of Armed Conflicts 1093.
• 1907
  Hague Convention (XIII) Concerning the Rights and Duties of Neutral Powers in Naval War, Laws of Armed Conflicts 1407.
• 1909
  London Declaration Concerning the Laws of Naval War, Laws of Armed Conflicts 1111.
• 1925
  Geneva Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare, 94 LNTS 65.
• 1935
  Washington Treaty on the Protection of Artistic and Scientific Institutions and Historic Monuments (Roerich Pact), 67 LNTS 290.
• 1944
  Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation, 15 UNTS 295.
• 1945
  Charter of the United Nations, 1 UNTS xvi.
• 1949
  Geneva Convention (I) for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field, 75 UNTS 31.
• 1949
  Geneva Convention (II) for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea, 75 UNTS 85.
• 1949
  Geneva Convention (III) relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, 75 UNTS 135.
• 1949
  Geneva Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, 75 UNTS 287.
• 1954
  Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, 249 UNTS 240.
• 1954
  Protocol to the Convention, 249 UNTS 358.
• 1999
  Second Protocol to the Convention, 38 ILM 769.

• 1958
  Washington Antarctic Treaty, 402 UNTS 71.
• 1972
  UN Convention on the Prohibition of Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction, 1015 UNTS 164.
• 1976
  UN Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques, 1108 UNTS 151.
• 1977
  Protocol (I) Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts, 1125 UNTS 3.
• 1993
  Amendment of Annex I, Laws of Armed Conflicts 762.

• 1977
  Protocol (II) Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts, 1125 UNTS 609.
• 1980
  UN Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects, 1342 UNTS 137.
• 1980
  Protocol on Non-Detectable Fragments (Protocol I), 1342 UNTS 168.
• 1980
  Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby-Traps and Other Devices (Protocol II), 1342 UNTS 168.
• 1980
  Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Incendiary Weapons (Protocol III), 1342 UNTS 171.
• 1995
  Protocol on Blinding Laser Weapons (Protocol IV), 35 ILM 1218.
• 1996
  Amendment of Protocol II, 35 ILM 1209.
• 2001
  Amendment of Article 1, Laws of Armed Conflicts 185.
• 2003
  Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War (Protocol V), UN Doc. CCW/MSP/2003/2.

• 1982
  UN Law of the Sea Convention, 1833 UNTS 396.
• 1994
  Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel, 34 ILM 482.
• 2005
  Optional Protocol to the Convention, UN Doc. A/Res/60/42.

• 1993
  Paris Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction, 32 ILM 800.
• 1997
  Ottawa Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on Their Destruction, 36 ILM 1507 (the Convention was actually adopted in Oslo).
• 1998
  Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, 2187 UNTS 90.
• 2005
  Protocol (III) Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Adoption of an Additional Distinctive Emblem, 45 ILM 558.
• 2008
  Dublin Convention on Cluster Munitions, 48 ILM 357 (the Convention was actually signed in Oslo).

(Full cites of treaties appear in Appendix VI)

A

• 1977 Additional Protocols: AP/I and AP/II.
• AP/I: Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I).
• AP/II: Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts (Protocol II).
• AP/III: Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Adoption of an Additional Distinctive Emblem (Protocol III).
• Art(s).: Article(s).
• AWACS: Airborne Warning and Control System.

B

• BWC: UN Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction.

C

• Canadian Joint Doctrine Manual: Law of Armed Conflict at the Operational and Tactical Levels, Joint Doctrine Manual Issued on Authority of the Chief of Defence Staff.^[12]
• CCW: UN Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects.
• CNA: Computer Network Attack.
• Commentary on the HRAW: Commission of Jurists to Consider and Report Upon the Review of the Rules of Warfare, General Report.^[13]
• Commentary on the SRM/ACS: Explanation of the San Remo Manual on International Law Applicable to Armed Conflicts at Sea.^[14]
• CWC: Paris Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction.

D

• DoD Dictionary of Military Terms: Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms.^[15]

E

• EEZ: Exclusive Economic Zone.
• ENMOD Convention: UN Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques.
• EW: Electronic Warfare.

F

• fn.: footnote.

G

• 1925 Gas Protocol: Geneva Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare.
• GC/I: Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field.
• GC/II: Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea.
• GC/III: Geneva Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War.
• GC/IV: Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War.
• 1949 Geneva Conventions: GC/I, GC/II, GC/III and GC/IV
• German ZDv: Joint Services Regulations (ZDv) 15/2, German Bundeswehr, 1992.

H

• 1899 Hague Convention (II): Hague Convention (II) with Respect to the Laws and Customs of War on Land.
• 1899 Hague Regulations: Hague Regulations respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land, Annex to 1899 Hague Convention (II).
• 1899 Hague Declaration (IV,2): Hague Declaration (IV, 2) Concerning Asphyxiating Gases.
• 1907 Hague Convention (IV): Hague Convention (IV) Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land.
• 1907 Hague Regulations: Hague Regulations respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land, Annex to 1907 Hague Convention (IV).
• 1907 Hague Convention (V): Hague Convention (V) Respecting the Rights and Duties of Neutral Powers and Persons in Case of War on Land.
• 1907 Hague Convention (VIII): Hague Convention (VIII) relative to the Laying of Automatic Submarine Contact Mines.
• 1907 Hague Convention (XIII): Hague Convention (XIII) Concerning the Rights and Duties of Neutral Powers in Naval War.
• 1954 Hague Convention: Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict.
• HRAW: Hague Rules of Air Warfare, Drafted by a Commission of Jurists at The Hague, 1923.^[16]

I

• ICAO: International Civil Aviation Organization.
• ICC: International Criminal Court.
• ICJ: International Court of Justice.
• ICJ Nuclear Weapons Advisory Opinion: International Court of Justice, Advisory Opinion, Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons.^[17]
• ICRC: International Committee of the Red Cross.
• ICRC Commentary on AP/I: Commentary on the Additional Protocols of 8 June 1977 to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949.^[18]
• ICRC Customary IHL Study: Customary International Humanitarian Law, Volume I: Rules.^[19]
• ICRC Interpretive Guidance: Interpretive Guidance on the Notion of Direct Participation in Hostilities under International Humanitarian Law.^[20]
• ICTY: International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia.
• ICTR: International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda.
• IFF: Identification, Friend or Foe.
• ILM: International Legal Materials.

L

• Laws of Armed Conflicts: The Laws of Armed Conflicts: A Collection of Conventions, Resolutions and Other Documents.^[21]
• 1909 London Declaration: London Declaration Concerning the Laws of Naval War.
• LNTS: League of Nations Treaty Series.

N

• NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
• NATO Glossary of Terms and Definitions: NATO Glossary of Terms and Definitions.^[22]
• NIAC Manual on SRM/ACS: Manual on the Law of Non-International Armed Conflict: With Commentary.^[23]
• NOTAM: Notice to Airmen.
• NWP: The Commander’s Handbook on the Law of Naval Operations.^[24]

O

• Optional Protocol to the UN Safety Convention: Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel.
• 1997 Ottawa Convention: Ottawa Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on Their Destruction.

P

• Para(s).: paragraph(s).
• 1856 Paris Declaration: Declaration Respecting Maritime Law.
• POW: Prisoner of War.
• 1980 Protocol I to the CCW: Protocol on Non-Detectable Fragments.
• 1980 Protocol III to the CCW: Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Incendiary Weapons.
• 2003 Protocol V to the CCW: Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War.

R

• Roerich Pact: Washington Treaty on the Protection of Artistic and Scientific Institutions and Historic Monuments.
• Rome Statute of the ICC: Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court.

S

• SAR: Search and Rescue
• SEAD: Suppression of Enemy Air Defences.
• Second Protocol to the 1954 Hague Convention: Second Protocol to the Hague Convention of 1954 for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict.
• SRM/ACS: San Remo Manual on International Law Applicable to Armed Conflicts at Sea.^[25]
• 1868 St. Petersburg Declaration: Declaration Renouncing the Use, in Time of War, of Explosive Projectiles Under 400 Grammes Weight.

U

• UAV: Unmanned Aerial Vehicle.
• UCAV: Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicle.
• UK Manual: The Manual of the Law of Armed Conflict. UK Ministry Of Defence.^[26]
• UN Charter: Charter of the United Nations.
• US: United States.
• UNCLOS: United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.
• UN Safety Convention: Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel.
• UNTS: United Nations Treaty Series.
• fn.: footnote.
• fn.: footnote.

W

• WWI: First World War.
• WWII: Second World War.

12. B-GJ-005-104/FP-021, 2001.
13. 1923, reprinted in 32 American Journal of International Law Supplement 1 (1938).
14. Prepared by International Lawyers and Naval Experts convened by the International Institute of Humanitarian Law, Adopted in June 1994, Cambridge University Press (1995).
15. Joint Publication 1-02, 2001 (As amended through 31 October 2009).
16. Laws of Armed Conflicts 315.
17. [1996] ICJ Reports 226.
18. Y. Sandoz, Ch. Swinarski and B. Zimmermann (eds.), ICRC, Martinus Nijhoff (1987).
19. ICRC, J-M Henckaerts and L. Doswald-Beck, Cambridge University Press (2005).
20. ICRC (2009).
21. D. Schindler and J. Toman (eds.), 4th edition, Martinus Nijhoff (2004).
22. Listing terms of military significance and their definitions for use in NATO, North Atlantic Treaty Organization NATO Standardization Agency (NSA), AAP-6 (2009).
23. International Institute of Humanitarian Law, M. Schmitt, C. Garraway and Y. Dinstein, 36 Israel Yearbook on Human Rights, Special Supplement (2006).
24. NWP 1-14M, U.S. Navy — U.S. Marine Corps — U.S. Coast Guard, July 2007 Edition.
25. Prepared by International Lawyers and Naval Experts convened by the International Institute of Humanitarian Law, Cambridge University Press (1995).
26. Oxford University Press (2004).